Aging is a continuous biological process that begins at conception and becomes visually apparent around the 30s. Each person ages at different rates and to different degrees, with various genetic, dietary, exercise, and lifestyle factors influencing the aging process. The human body contains 13 trillion cells, and as these cells age, they lose the ability to divide, accumulate waste products, and develop stiffened connective tissue between them.
Multiple organ systems show distinct aging changes. The heart’s wall thickens while its muscle becomes less efficient, requiring more effort to pump blood. The aorta becomes thicker and less flexible, and arteries gradually develop atherosclerosis. Bones become thinner and less strong, joints stiffer and less flexible. The brain experiences a decrease in nerve cells and connections between them. Metabolism begins to gradually decline starting around age 20, while changes in hearing typically do not begin until age 50 or later.
Common Signs and Symptoms
People commonly experience increased susceptibility to infection, joint stiffness or arthritis, decreased energy, slowed thought and memory, hearing loss, and changes to skin, hair, and nails. Height may decrease slightly as the spinal bones become thinner. Some degree of hearing loss is common, along with changes in visual acuity and peripheral vision. Weight loss may occur after age 55 in men and after age 65 in women, partly due to loss of muscle tissue.
Prevention and Maintenance Strategies
While aging cannot be stopped, multiple lifestyle approaches can reduce disease risk and maintain quality of life. Avoiding smoking, maintaining physical and mental activity, eating a healthy diet rich in whole grains and vegetables, and maintaining a healthy weight all contribute to better aging outcomes. Regular dental care is important, as poor oral health may increase the risk of heart disease and stroke. Building and maintaining a strong social network may help ward off dementia and support overall mental sharpness. Staying mentally active through reading, puzzles, or musical instruments can help keep the mind sharp.
This article is an AI-assisted summary. All facts and figures are drawn from the original report: https://www.health.harvard.edu/healthy-aging-and-longevity/aging-overview-a-to-z